Introduction

A graveyard slot (or death slot) is a time period in which a television audience is very small compared to other times of the day, and therefore broadcast programming is considered far less important.

Graveyard slots are usually in the early morning hours of each day, when most people are asleep.

What Happens during this Period?

With little likelihood of a substantial viewing audience during this daypart, providing useful television programming during this time is usually considered unimportant; some broadcast stations go off the air during these hours, and some audience measurement systems do not collect measurements for these periods.

Some broadcasters may do engineering work at this time. Others use broadcast automation to pass-through network feeds unattended, with only broadcasting authority-mandated personnel and emergency anchors/reporters present at the local station overnight.

A few stations use ‘we’re always on’ or a variant to promote their 24-hour operation as a selling point, though as this is now the rule rather than the exception as it was in the past, it has now mainly become a selling point for a station’s website instead.

Programming

The most well-known graveyard slot in most parts of the world is the overnight television slot, after late night television and before breakfast television/morning show (between 2:00 am and 5:00 am).

During this time slot, most people are asleep, leaving only insomniacs, intentionally nocturnal people, and irregular shift workers as regular potential audiences.

Because of the small number of people in those categories, the overnight shift was historically ignored as a revenue opportunity, although increases in irregular shifts have made overnight programming more viable than it had been in the past. In the US, for example, research has shown that the number of televisions in use at 4:30 am doubled from 1995 to 2010 (8% to 16%).

Since the advent of home video recording, some programmes in this slot may be transmitted mainly with time-shifting in mind; in the past, the BBC offered specialised overnight strands such as BBC Select (an often-encrypted block providing airtime for specialised professional programmes), and the BBC Learning Zone (which broadcast academic programmes, such as from the Open University). The BBC’s current ‘Sign Zone’ strand broadcasts repeat programmes with in-vision interpretation in British Sign Language.

Some channels may carry adult-oriented content in the graveyard slot, depending on local regulations. Live events from other time zones (most often sports) may sometimes fall in overnight slots, such as daytime events from the Asia-Pacific region on channels in the Americas, and prime-time events from the Americas on channels in Europe for example. Some anime-oriented streaming services (such as Crunchyroll) have arrangements with Japanese networks to premiere episodes at the same time as their domestic television airings, often falling within the overnight hours in the Americas.

Since the 1980’s, graveyard slots, once populated by broadcasts of syndicated reruns and old movies, have increasingly been used for programme-length infomercials or simulcasting of home shopping channels, which provide a media outlet with revenue and a source of programming without any programming expenses or the possible malfunctions which might come with going off-the-air.

In addition, the graveyard slots can also be used as dumping grounds for government-mandated public affairs programming, as well as in-house programming a station group is mandated by their parent company to carry that would otherwise be unpalatable in prime timeslots. One example of the latter mandated by Sinclair Broadcast Group in the US is The Right Side, a public affairs programme hosted by political commentator Armstrong Williams (who has business interests with Sinclair) that is typically aired by Sinclair-affiliated stations, and is intended to air in weekend late morning slots as a complement to the national networks’ Sunday morning talk shows. However, The Right Side is often programmed in graveyard slots on most Sinclair stations who locally choose to instead fill the weekend morning slots with educational shows, paid programming (including religious programmes and real estate presentation shows), weekend morning newscasts and local public affairs programming, or have no scheduling room due to network sports telecasts.

Graveyard slots are also used by US television stations as a de facto ‘death slot’ for syndicated programmes that either failed to find an audience or which a station acquired but otherwise has no room to air in a more appropriate time slot where the programme would otherwise benefit. In previous years, the most often seen original programming in the overnight period were low-rated daytime talk shows and game shows being burned off. In many cases where a television station carries an irregularly-scheduled special event, breaking news or severe weather coverage that preempts a network or syndicated programme, the station may elect to air the preempted programming in a graveyard slot during the same broadcast day to fulfill their contractual obligations. In markets with sports teams whose coaches’ and team highlights shows preempt programmes in the prime access hour before primetime, the overnight period also allows a preempted programme to air in some form on a station without penalty to the syndicator, or for stations to air network programming preempted for local-interest programming, breaking news or weather, or sporting events.

In a number of larger and middle markets in the US, MyNetworkTV, which started as a general network in 2006 meant for primetime clearance, but due to the failure of its original programming schedule, eventually became a programming service carrying nightly blocks of repeats of procedural dramas and true crime shows, has seen its timeslot downgraded to the graveyard slot. Generally, this is done as the stations of MyNetworkTV have become part of duopolies with major network affiliate stations (and even those owned by its parent company, Fox Television Stations) and those stations have used the MyNetworkTV affiliates to carry extended primetime local newscasts and local sports which provide steadier ratings and revenue than MyNetworkTV’s non-original schedule.

The overnight period is also noted for the prevalence of cheaply produced local advertisements which allow an advertiser to purchase time on the station for a low cost, advertisements for services of a sexual nature (such as premium-rate adult rate entertainment services and adult products from companies such as Adam & Eve), direct response advertising for products and services (often marketed ‘As Seen On TV’) otherwise seen during infomercials, and public service announcements (such as those commissioned by the Ad Council) airing in these time slots due to the reduced importance of advertising revenue.

Network Overnight Programming

The Big Three television networks in the US all offer regular programming in the overnight slot. Both ABC and CBS carry overnight newscasts with some repackaged content from the day’s previous network news broadcasts, with an emphasis on sports scores from West Coast games that typically conclude after 1.00 am ET and international financial markets with the ending of the Australasian and beginning of the European trading day, all of which takes place between 2.00 am and 5.00 am ET, while NBC (which dropped its overnight news in the late 1990’s) replays the fourth hour of Today. Each network also produces its early morning newscast at 4.00 am ET so that it may be tape-delayed to air as a lead-in to local news. A growing trend in the US is an increasingly early local newscast, which now begins as early as 4:00 am in some major markets, targeting those who work early shifts or are returning from late shifts; this early newscast would fit into the overnight daypart rather than breakfast television.

The graveyard slots’ lack of importance sometimes benefits programmes; producers and programme-makers can afford to take more risks, as there is less advertising revenue at stake. For example, an unusual or niche programme may find a chance for an audience in a graveyard slot (a current day example is Adult Swim’s FishCentre Live, which features games projected onto the video image of an aquarium), or a formerly popular programme that no longer merits an important time slot may be allowed to run in a graveyard slot instead of being removed from the schedule completely. However, abusing this practice may lead to channel drift if the demoted programmes were presented as channel stars at some time.

Up until 2014, some cable networks would broadcast educational programing that educators can tape as part of Cable in the Classroom during these hours.

Japan

Japanese over-the-air stations broadcast late night anime almost exclusively, starting in the Late night television slot at 11:00 pm, but bridging the graveyard slot and running until 4:00 am.

Because advertising revenue is scant in these time slots, the broadcasts primarily promote DVD versions of their series, which may be longer, uncensored, and/or have added features like commentary tracks, side stories and epilogues.

UK

In the UK, overnight is from 12:30 am to 6:00 am.

BBC One showed Sign Zone from 2000 to 2013 during this time before simulcasting with BBC World News (in a 3 way simulcast between BBC One, BBC News Channel and BBC World News for the second part).

Nowadays, BBC World News comes on usually after midnight or 1.00 am depending on which films or programmes are broadcast usually followed by Weather for the week ahead BBC Two shows Sign Zone and repeats for the first part and then either closes down which is marked in schedules as “This is BBC Two” ITV shows Jackpot247 (After Midnight on STV; Teleshopping on UTV) and then a repeats before showing ITV Nightscreen until 5:05 am on weekdays followed by The Jeremy Kyle Show, and 6.00 am at the weekend.

Channel 4 shows repeats and films during these hours apart from Wednesdays where sports including, Motor Racing, Triathlon and Beach Volleyball are shown.

During the National Football League season for American football, the American NBC’s Sunday Night Football game, along with playoff games and the Super Bowl, are carried live, which is often also the case with other popular American sports airing in primetime in the UK on Sky Sports and BT Sport. Channel 5 shows Supercasino and some repeats.

Most digital channels during this time either go off air or show simulcast with shopping channels and some stay on the air. BBC News Channel simulcasts with BBC World News during these hours.

Australia and New Zealand

In Australia and New Zealand, overnight is from midnight to 06:00 am.

This slot generally consists of American sitcoms and dramas which ended up failing in their home market but need to air in some form to justify the network’s investment, or archived content, along with teleshopping programmes, lower-tier American syndicated newsmagazines, and American breakfast television programmes delayed to fill the remainder of the slot.

US (General)

Outside of the traditional overnight slots, various examples of graveyard slots in the US exist. While the reasons vary, often these time periods are viewed with much lower interest from programmers as opposed to other periods of the day (particularly prime time from Monday to Thursday nights).

US (Weekdays, 12.00 pm to 1.00 pm)

Before the 1970’s, this slot was often viewed as a popular ‘lunch slot’ where daytime shows such as Jeopardy! were popular with a larger-than-average audience that included both college and high school students and employees either returning home or eating at a restaurant on their lunch break, in addition to the traditional American daytime audience of stay-at-home housewives.

However, as the 1970’s dawned many network affiliates began introducing local midday newscasts which resulted in the time slot becoming a ‘death slot’. Local news in this slot usually consists of stories from the morning newscast repeated with spare updating (including local political meetings), business and consumer news segments (including live stock market prices), farm reports in mainly rural markets, and community interest segments where organisations are highlighted in an interview setting, along with paid placement advertorial segments for businesses.

Stations that do not carry news in this slot usually air syndicated fare or an infomercial; in numerous cases, educational programs can be buried in this slot or any other daytime slot as a form of malicious compliance with the mandate for such programmes. Mainly to accommodate affiliates in the Central and Mountain time zones that choose to air local news at noon in their respective markets, CBS and NBC still offer options for affiliates to air The Young and the Restless and Days of Our Lives at noon Eastern (11.00 am Central), but actual participation in this varies by individual station.

After the 1970’s ended, there were very few network programmes that had survived for more than a year in the noon timeslot, including Ryan’s Hope and Super Password. However, there have been numerous network programmes that have aired in the second half hour of this timeslot; examples include The Young and the Restless (whose first half hour has dominated the timeslot since 1988), Sunset Beach, and Port Charles. The latter two were cancelled after a few years on the air; since the mid-2000’s, the 12:30 pm timeslot on most NBC and ABC affiliates has been usually filled with local news and lifestyle programmes.

US (Weekdays, 4.00 pm to 5.00 pm)

When the noon time slot became unfavourable in the late 1970’s, networks began doubling up airings of their noon shows at 4.00 pm. However, this time slot had also quickly become unfavourable as many stations chose to preempt network offerings in favour of more lucrative syndicated programmes during this time, including nationally syndicated talk shows hosted by Mike Douglas, Merv Griffin, Dinah Shore and Phil Donahue (all of which were primarily entertainment-focused with the exception of Donahue’s which focused on serious subject matters including politics and cultural issues).

As a result, the networks were faced with increasingly fewer affiliates airing network programmes in this time slot and eventually abandoned this practice, with ABC cancelling the soap opera Edge of Night at the end of 1984 and CBS ending production on Press Your Luck in the late summer of 1986, while the networks still continued to programme occasional afterschool specials for children until 1996.

During the 1980’s, a slew of newer nationally syndicated talk shows made their debut, with the most prominent example being The Oprah Winfrey Show. Originally a locally-based morning show in Chicago, Oprah made its debut as a nationally syndicated talk show in 1986 and soon came to dominate the time slot in many markets. Since the 1990s, the expansion of local television news has led to stations without major syndicated hits choosing to offer local news in this hour. By 2012, most networks’ daytime programming had ended at 3.00 pm Eastern, and many stations have begun offering up to three hours of local news, interrupted either by a 4:30 pm syndicated programme or the 6:30 pm network news.

US (Friday Night Death Slot)

You can read about the Friday night death slot here.

US (Saturday Nights)

Until the 1990s, many popular series also aired on Saturdays, with more notable examples including Have Gun – Will Travel, All in the Family, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Bob Newhart Show and The Carol Burnett Show during the 1960’s and 1970’s on CBS, as well as The Golden Girls and its numerous spin-offs on NBC during the 1980s and early 1990’s.

Most networks maintained a full schedule (though the night was also often used for airing movies and select sporting events). During the 1990’s, many successful programmes aired during this decade as well including Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Early Edition and Walker, Texas Ranger on CBS, The Pretender and Profiler on NBC, and Cops and America’s Most Wanted on Fox.

Since then, however, a similar situation to Friday nights emerged, with the same issue of fewer viewers available to watch television on Friday nights now extending to Saturday nights also.

For this reason, the mainstream US networks have largely abandoned original programming on Saturday nights in favour of reruns, with only CBS maintaining a limited presence anchored by its news magazine 48 Hours. The last major efforts to programme Saturday nights on the Big Three networks ended in 2001, when CBS cancelled Walker, Texas Ranger and NBC failed with the original incarnation of the XFL. Fox continued to air Cops and America’s Most Wanted on Saturday nights until both programmes ended their Fox runs between 2011 and 2013 (with Cops moving to what is now Paramount Network and America’s Most Wanted moving to Lifetime, where it remained until its cancellation in 2013). Between 2017 and 2019, CBS aired the Canadian/French co-production Ransom on Saturday nights during the middle of the television season.

In recent years, a new trend has emerged where a show that is considered to be a ratings failure (or is already cancelled) is moved to Saturday nights to finish airing its original episodes, with the CBS miniseries Harper’s Island in 2008-2009, NBC’s The Firm in 2011-2012, and ABC’s The Alec Baldwin Show and CBS’s Million Dollar Mile in 2018-2019 being some of the most notable examples.

Otherwise, the night is used by the networks to air encore presentations of their weekday primetime series’ most recent episode, as well as to air sports programming including college football (e.g. SEC on CBS) on all of the major networks, NBA basketball on ABC, NHL hockey on NBC, and, until 2019, UFC fights on Fox. Local stations also use the night to carry specialiwed local news programmes, including documentaries and political debates, where it would otherwise air their affiliate network’s encore repeats.

Despite being a known graveyard time period, some channels have gained or maintained success on Saturday nights. Perhaps (and arguably) the most famous example has been NBC’s late night programme Saturday Night Live, which has been a staple of that network (and also that of the US’ pop culture conscience) since its 1975 debut, and has gone on to launch the careers of dozens of comedians and other actors.

Other notable exceptions include Nickelodeon, which has successfully aired a Saturday primetime lineup of first-run programming aimed at pre-teens and teenagers since August 1992 (which has included popular series such as Clarissa Explains It All, All That, Kenan & Kel, iCarly, and Victorious), and Syfy, which has had respectable success with made-for-TV movies that regularly air during Saturday primetime.

To this day, many television stations in the US have often filled their Saturday (and Sunday) late night slots with off-network syndicated reruns of primetime serials, long-form interview programmes (including Entertainers with Byron Allen and In Depth with Graham Bensinger), movie showcases (including horror-themed Svengoolie and B-movie showcase Off Beat Cinema), and weekend editions of infotainment news programmes (often with curated segments repackaged from earlier in the week or, in the case of Entertainment Tonight, special retrospect editions focused on a single topic).

Sony Pictures Television, for instance, offers a selection of episodes from the previous season’s runs of its popular weekday game shows Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! to air on weekends, usually airing in their traditional weekday slots. Historically, music and variety shows such as Hee Haw, The Lawrence Welk Show, Don Kirshner’s Rock Concert, Solid Gold, Showtime at the Apollo and Soul Train, as well as weekly competition programmes including American Gladiators and Star Search, also often filled weekend late night time slots (in many cases either complementing or even competing against Saturday Night Live).

During the weekends, the prime access hour also featured popular weekly syndicated series including The Muppet Show during the 1970’s and the movie review program At the Movies (known most famously under its original title of Siskel & Ebert) during the 1980’s up to the 2000’s.

US (Weekend Mornings and Afternoons)

Because people generally stay out later on Friday and Saturday nights than other nights of the week, people also tend to sleep in longer on weekend mornings. The weekend morning 5.00 am to 7.00 am time slot is the most common time for stations to air public affairs and (on Sundays) televangelism programmes. Nationally syndicated specialty news programmes, including On the Money (formerly known as The Wall Street Journal Report and produced by CNBC) and Matter of Fact (hosted by former NBC News and CNN anchor Soledad O’Brien and mandated to air on stations owned by its production company, Hearst Television), also air during weekend morning timeslots in many markets, often complementing their affiliate networks’ and local stations’ Saturday morning news programmes and Sunday morning talk shows.

As has been the case since the beginning of television, the major networks have also generally programmed weekend afternoons with sporting events. That being the case, particularly when no sporting events are airing (either from the networks or from syndicated distributors such as Raycom Sports), there is very little incentive to watch television after Saturday morning news and educational programmes or Sunday morning talk shows end, especially when a local team (particularly an NFL or college football team) is airing on one station, prompting other stations to outright refuse to put on competitive programming.

Most stations in this situation air infomercials, movies, or little-watched syndicated fare in this slot, and often use this time period to air educational and public affairs programming mandated either by station groups or federal broadcast regulations, as well as regional lifestyle programmes such as Texas Country Reporter which has been a weekend staple on most television stations serving the US state of Texas since the 1970’s. Prior to 2016, when it was not carrying content from sister network ESPN, ABC aired reality programming reruns in the late afternoon slot.

US (Sunday Nights (7.00 pm to 8.00 pm and 10.00 pm to 11.00 pm during the NFL season))

Because of overruns from National Football League (NFL) games, Sunday afternoon broadcasters Fox (in the earlier slot) and, to a lesser extent, CBS (in the latter slot) have had difficulty launching shows in these time slots. To handle overruns, Fox and CBS both use different strategies to handle prime time programming, with other networks attempting various means of counterprogramming to meet parity on the night.

• Fox:
  • Primarily carries Sunday afternoon NFC road games, originally preempted its programming in the early time slot if an NFL game overran its time slot, often to the frustration of fans of series such as King of the Hill and Malcolm in the Middle, who often had episodes joined in progress or unseen in the Eastern or Central time zones until they were seen again during summer reruns after games ended.
  • Fox has since addressed the issue by clearing out the time slot completely for an NFL post-game show titled The OT during the NFL regular season and setting aside a portion for short-run animated series under its Animation Domination (or, from 2014 to 2019, Sunday Funday) block, though mid-season replacement series have still had problems finding an audience in the time slot.
• CBS:
  • Holds the rights to most Sunday afternoon AFC road games, protects its acclaimed news magazine 60 Minutes by delaying its entire prime time broadcast programming schedule if a game overruns.
    • The resulting in the show scheduled for the 10.00 pm Eastern slot being pushed well past its original start time and occasionally being bumped to allow local CBS affiliates to air their local newscasts as close to 11.00 pm Eastern as possible.
  • After a series of new programmes failed in that time slot, beginning in 2010 CBS attempted to stabilise it by moving an established series (usually one co-owned CBS Television Distribution already offers to stations in off-network syndication) there.
  • Starting with CSI: Miami which moved from its original Monday night slot to Sunday nights; CSI: Miami was nonetheless cancelled after two seasons in its Sunday time slot.
  • For the 2019-20 season, CBS used the 10.00 pm slot to wrap up two of its veteran series with the final season of Madam Secretary (also currently being syndicated by CBS) airing in the fall followed by the final season of Criminal Minds (which once served as a lead-out to Super Bowl XLI in 2007) in the winter and spring.
• NBC:
  • Holds the Sunday Night Football contract that takes up the entire night during the fall and early winter, and carries the pre-game show Football Night in America within the 7.00 pm to 8.00 pm timeslot.
  • Per NFL broadcast rules, the pre-game show utilises a carousel reporting format to cover early games (approximately 1.00 pm Eastern) before the conclusion of late (4.00 pm Eastern) NFL games (including most games on the West Coast), and then transitions to a quick rundown before focusing on the upcoming game within the last twenty minutes before the game starts.
  • After their NFL coverage ends in mid-January, NBC airs Dateline NBC in the 7.00 pm slot for the rest of the season along with some limited first-run and encore programming.
  • When the network carried the rights to Sunday afternoon AFC games from 1965 (when it acquired the television rights to the AFC’s predecessor, the American Football League, from ABC) until losing those rights to CBS in 1998, the latter-day issues with regards to CBS were virtually nonexistent since most NBC programmes in the 7.00 pm Eastern slot usually trailed 60 Minutes on CBS.
  • In the 1990’s NBC attempted to compete full-force with 60 Minutes with a string of unsuccessful hard news magazines before relying on the lighter or true crime-focused Dateline.
  • The most significant programming controversy during NBC’s run as the AFC broadcaster came in 1968 during a high-profile West Coast game that prematurely ended broadcast in the Eastern and Central time zones to accommodate a made-for-TV adaptation of Heidi.
• ABC:
  • Has not carried regular season NFL games since the move of Monday Night Football to sister network ESPN in 2006, has for most of its history since the 1990’s carried America’s Funniest Home Videos, a relatively low-cost and low-risk programme popular for family viewing, in the early time slot.
  • More recently, ABC has had somewhat greater success later in the evening with scripted dramas (e.g. The Practice and Brothers & Sisters).
  • The NFL’s preference in 2005 for a marquee Sunday night game as opposed to Mondays, which became difficult to envision due to the success of such aforementioned scripted dramas (at the time, Grey’s Anatomy and Desperate Housewives) as well as the then-recently launched Dancing with the Stars, played a factor in Monday Night Football moving to ESPN in 2006.
  • While some ABC affiliates (as well as stations owned by Hearst Television, whose parent company owns a stake in ESPN, regardless of network affiliation) occasionally simulcast Monday Night Football if a local team is playing, many others (including ABC’s owned-and-operated stations) have deferred to rival stations in their market due to conflicts involving the live performance stages of Dancing with the Stars which air on Monday nights.
• The CW (and in the past The WB):
  • Has had varied scheduling strategies since the network’s 1995 launch involving Sunday evenings.
  • From 1995 until 2001, The WB aired new programming (usually sitcoms) in the 7.00 pm slot, and then from 2001 until 2007, aired encore programming (Seventh Heaven, Gilmore Girls and Reba) under the secondary titles Beginnings and Easy View.
  • In the 2007-2008 season, it featured advertorial entertainment programmes (CW Now and Online Nation) that were widely considered a failure, with sitcom repeats taking over the slot mid-season.
  • In 2008-09, the slot carried In Harm’s Way, a reality series from the timeslot’s lessee (Media Rights Capital) also considered a failure, and after that season, the CW returned Sunday evenings to their affiliates, leaving the night completely until returning in 2018-2019.
  • It decided in that schedule form to not programme the 7.00 pm slot, starting their programming at 8.00 pm Eastern to avert programming around football.
• UPN, which merged with The WB to form The CW in 2006:
  • Generally never programmed Sunday nights, with its only contribution to the night being in early 2001 lower-tier XFL football games on Sunday evenings during the league’s only season in its first iteration.
  • Its de facto successor MyNetworkTV has never programmed the night.

US (Opposite Popular Annual Programming Specials)

Programs such as the Academy Awards (on ABC since 1976), the Super Bowl and the Olympic Games (on NBC at least partially since 1988) have been known to draw so many viewers that almost all efforts to counterprogramme against them have failed. As such, broadcasters have traditionally countered these events with either reruns or movies.

In past years, seasonal airings of popular classic films such as Gone with the Wind, The Wizard of Oz and The Ten Commandments have also been known to draw sizable audiences. The Super Bowl has historically attracted more unusual fare (such as Animal Planet’s Puppy Bowl, a football-themed special featuring puppies at play), with most aiming to counter the halftime show to emulate Fox’s success with its live In Living Colour special in 1992.

However, as all four major commercial networks now have some tie to the National Football League’s television deals (current through Super Bowl LVII in 2023, with all but ABC alternating to air the game), major networks have aired little to no new original programming on the night of the Super Bowl under an unsaid gentleman’s agreement.

US (Opposite Dominant Television Series)

On occasion, a regularly scheduled programme may have this kind of dominant drawing power.

Notable examples have included:

• NBC’s The Cosby Show for most of the mid- and late-1980’s;
• ER during its peak in the second half of the 1990’s (at a time when NBC’s Thursday primetime schedule represented the most watched US television programmes of the decade); and
• American Idol during its original run’s peak on Fox in the mid-2000’s and early 2010’s (and also at the peak of reality television in the US during those decades).

Each of which was dubbed a ‘Death Star’ by the other networks because of the show’s consistent ability to dominate the ratings.

Many programmes that competed against such shows often either flopped or (in the case of an existing series) saw their ratings decline significantly to the brink of cancellation.

Content Requirements

Canada

In Canada, federal regulations require television channels and radio stations to carry a certain percentage of Canadian content.

It is common for most privately owned television channels to air the bulk of their mandatory Canadian content in such graveyard slots (especially weekday mornings and Saturday nights), ensuring they can meet their required percentages of Canadian programming while leaving room for more popular foreign programming in other time periods.

For over-the-air terrestrial television stations, the overnight hours are generally not subject to Canadian content requirements, allowing some opportunity for niche or experimental programming during those hours, although most commonly infomercials air instead. Canadian radio stations have similar practices regarding broadcasts of Canadian music, known pejoratively as the ‘beaver hour’.

For the most part in modern times however, Canadian content requirements are filled easily by television stations throughout the week through local newscasts and magazine programming, along with licensed versions of American programmes such as ET Canada.

US

Likewise, in the US, some stations attempt to bury mandated E/I educational television programming in graveyard slots, though under current regulations by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), children’s television series must air during times when children are awake (current standards as of 2019 state between 6:00 am and 10:00 pm).

Thus, these channels will bury E/I programmes in the middle of a block of infomercials during daytime television hours, when most children are either at school or (on weekends) asleep or participating in youth sports, scouting or other activities, and are unlikely to ever see them, though a loophole allowing more advertising for shows targeted to teenage audiences means that most 2010s E/I programming has been generic documentary, game show, dramatic, or profile programming unlikely to be of interest to most children.

Recent changes to E/I standards by the FCC on 10 July 2019 will also result in individual stations being given the option to carry up to 52 hours of E/I content that consists of either specials or short-form content, as well as digital subchannels no longer being required to carry E/I programming and individual stations being allowed to shift up to 13 hours of E/I programming per quarter (52 hours annually) over to a digital subchannel, which will likely result in further attrition of the already low audience shares for E/I programming in the US.